Addiction

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) characterizes addiction as a persistent condition marked by compulsive and irrational pursuit of drugs, along with ongoing usage despite adverse effects. It represents the most severe manifestation of a substance use disorder. Scientific studies demonstrating that addiction is a mental illness and a multifaceted brain disorder have contributed to reducing the stigma linked to substance use disorders and the process of seeking treatment; nevertheless, stigma still persists. Individuals grappling with substance use disorders may recognize their issues but often find themselves unable to change their behavior, despite their desire or attempts to do so.

Addictive substances can induce a surge of profound pleasure and significantly impact the brain’s functioning. These intoxicating sensations generate euphoria and saturate the brain with rewarding experiences, leading to the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure. Research conducted by the National Institute of Health has demonstrated through brain imaging studies that dopamine activation occurs during the consumption of alcohol and other substances, including nicotine. Dopamine plays a vital role in regulating learning, motivation, energy, attention, and time, thereby establishing a powerful connection between substance use and feelings of happiness. Over time, with persistent substance use, the challenge of overcoming addiction increases, as naturally rewarding activities become less fulfilling.